Tuesday, November 29, 2011

Literature Responses Part VIII: Evolution of the Toulmin Method

It seems the longer Mrs. Testa and I collaborate, the closer I feel to what is essentially the best way to pre-write/plan for any expository prompt.  In an attempt to really suss out what formula is involved in creating a "Claim," "Warrant," and "Evidence," I began asking if there existed a formula--not necessarily a 1:1 formula--but one where a student could plug his/her imagination and creativity into certain variables.

Ironically, in this way planning for expository prompts can be a very creative experience, but it wasn't until I came up with the following that this "formula" became truly universal:
Claim: "I believe that [this is where you re-state the OEQ using as few pronouns as possible] 
Warrant: "because [this is how the above relates to me] or [what is the function of the above and how does it relate to me?]" 
Evidence: [No pieces of evidence should be stated in your warrant; the pieces should (usually) relate to whatever adjectives are in the warrant] 
(1) (2) (3)"
At first glance, this may seem overly complex, but in fact, it's quite straightforward:
Claim: I think that Veggie Heaven (in Teaneck, NJ) should be nominated for "Local Restaurant of the Year" 
Warrant: because the culinary experience is of the highest vegetarian quality and isn't to be matched in the entire state of New Jersey. 
Evidence: 
1. The fake meat actually tastes like the kind of animal it reads on the menu--"sesame chicken" tastes like sesame chicken and has the same texture as chicken even though it's really soy/seitan 
2. The service, although it can take a little longer to be served, is very friendly and--for vegetarian fare--fairly quick 
3. There are many statues, fountains and music that are both soothing and beautifully presented; this creates a relaxing atmosphere and with its oversized picture windows and the peaceful neighborhood outside, interior melts with exterior for a transcendental experience where good food and good company intersect with nature and art.

Friday, November 18, 2011

Reading for Pleasure: Book Talk Courtesy of The New York Times


The ideas that come out of The New York Times' Learning Network are sometimes hit-or-miss, but the ones in the link above are really quite useful, especially if you're trying to get young people to realize that there are as many different ways to respond to books as there are books.

It's always satisfying to have an institution like the New York Times resonate with what you've always practiced as an educator; such is the case with Book Talk Podcasts!

Thursday, November 17, 2011

NJASK Workshop Materials Critique

I wanted to chime in on the NJASK materials passed out during our last department meeting—to be honest, there was a vast amount of material and while most of it was insightful, not all of it was entirely helpful.

Let me qualify this post with the main issue that I take with any workshop—there’s rarely an opportunity for follow-up either because of the number of attendees enrolled, or because it’s a “one-shot deal” lasting only long enough for attendees to get their hours “certificated.”  Usually, if there are questions or problems with what was learned, it can be nearly impossible to resolve them…at least not until the next workshop date.

I’m a firm believer in degree programs for purposes of professional development (and of substantively furthering one’s personal and professional abilities), and whenever, wherever, and however possible, of creating PLCs (professional learning communities) and using these to foster professional growth.

Now that that’s out in the open, let’s get to these NJASK workshop materials!  Just to make it easier for everyone, I’ll pick out salient points from each of the stapled handouts, and, where applicable, I’ll note caveats not found in these materials and the like…

“Conferencing with Students to Maximize Their Writing Achievement”: That there is a whole section of the materials dedicated to conferencing with students about their writing is especially important; where I would caution people from buying too heavily into what’s on offer within, though is the notion of “Teaching the writer, not the writing.”  The whole idea of giving feedback (i.e., conferencing, I.M. Revision Conversation, Author’s Chair) is to point out strengths and weaknesses in writing—essentially, so that we can have grist to teach how to parlay the former into greater successes and as regards the former, in how to avoid the many pitfalls that await young writers.  Sometimes finding out your writing isn’t perfect and needs more work hurts (ironically, empty praise also hurts); trying to avoid this pain by navigating around what’s popularly considered “being negative”* only forestalls what the young writer will discover for him/herself in the future, and honestly, is not best practice.

*The concept of “being critical” only takes on a pejorative standing and negative connotations for those who focus solely on the points of weakness; true criticism is also celebrating about what works within someone’s writing.

“Understanding the Architecture of the NJASK”: Although it’s stated in other sections of the NJASK workshop materials, the concept of “unpacking” a question to students—in addressing all parts of a question—is an important one.

“Core Best Practices in the Teaching of Reading”: The effective best practices in literacy instruction (read alouds, think alouds, shared reading, guided reading, independent reading), practical classroom practice of comprehension strategies, and tips for teaching fluency are only of any significance if one actually knows what they really are, and how and when to implement them in the classroom.  Thinking that any of these is as obviously defined by its qualifier is much like thinking “butter” is qualified by “peanut”…or something equally as silly and irrelevant. 

“Implementing Cross-Curricular Reading and Writing to Deepen Literacy Learning”: Two quotes here are questionable: There is a great deal of data suggesting that improvements in writing will have a payoff across the curriculum” and “Likewise, there is a great deal of research that sharing the responsibility of building effective readers and writers will yield greater achievement across the disciplines…”  Does anyone else think it’s a little elliptical for a teacher’s workshop (where it’s commonplace to cite one’s sources for best practice methods presentation) to not have the references included in the packet?  I do, especially because there is a great body of research that is a little more than “suggestive” about the gains to be had from cross-curricular instruction, which involves much more planning and forethought than can be found in the stapled pages of Schillinger Educational Consultants.

“Core Best Practices in the Teaching of Writing”: The suggestions for writing openings/leads for narrative writing are really useful.  The types of conclusions, while being helpful just for listing them in one place isn’t so useful as the section on openings as actual examples are called for, not citing books where the endings might be a little more than a little fuzzy in everyone’s memory.  Banishing boring words, using literary devices, parsing out components of persuasive writing are all spot-on necessary. 

But here is my second gripe with all of this material:  If it were September and an educator were exceedingly ambitious, s/he might be able to incorporate a sampling of what’s proffered in these pages into his/her instructional paradigm.  As it is, it would take anyone who was really and truly interested in actuating these practices in the classroom at least two years to try out what works for him/her and his/her students.  Sometimes when you throw everything at the wall to see what sticks, it all just becomes a high holy mess, as my grandmother used to say. 

“Starting Early: Getting a Jumpstart on Preparing for the NJASK”: There are two sections here that I think are helpful: one, that there is an actual quote that goes “Even if you cannot think of real experiences that apply to your life, make them up” and two, the acronyms pneumonic for addressing parts of open-ended responses.  Regarding the former, it’s so obvious to any teaching adult that no one in Trenton’s going to know whether or not the experiences students are asked to provide (text-to-self) are real, yet for students—who oftentimes excel at prevarication and equivocation for reasons all their own—lying on paper to a stranger they will never meet seems inconceivable.  Regarding the pneumonic, it’s been different in every school I’ve taught at, but there are always four parts, and whether it’s R.A.C.E., L.S.A.Q., R.S.S.E. (restate, support, support, extend), or Q.A.S.I., so long as students understand they don’t have to write a paragraph in response to each, any of these work fine.  I also thought the six ways to begin a piece of writing were really clever.

Utilizing 6+1 Traits to Improve Student Writing: More than any other section of these NJASK workshop materials, this is what I believe to be the most valuable and useful from front to back.  The only reservation I have is that of the different quick check cards for students' writing--these would be exhaustive to do in one go, or even over the course of a week, week-and-a-half.  It would be far more useful for students to put some of their drafts into their Writer's Folders and work on other prompts so that students could return again to their previous drafts with fresh eyes (and replenished wherewithal to see their writing through to completion).  Funny (and not "haha" funny) how none of these materials mention the process of creating an instructional paradigm of working through from brainstorming to drafting to publishing (not even that, really)--they only give discrete tip and tricks for this sub-process or for that sub-process.  Sort of difficult to create an instructional paradigm from bits and pieces, no?

“Succeeding on Open-Ended Questions
: I don't know why I saved this one for last as it's the most useful.  By the way, the last two pages of this packet should smack of something you've seen/read/heard before: me talking ad nauseam about my Literature Responses, how Do Nows should relate to whatever text you're reading, how important it is for students to have a Writer's Notebook (i.e., journal), etc.

Wednesday, November 16, 2011

The Writing Process: G2G and the District Writing Project


I just discovered yesterday that G2G teachers would have only fifteen minutes to conference with their student groups every other week, so I thought that since I'd created a blog for teachers, why not one where students could receive more extended feedback and even respond if they wished.  As of yet, I haven't decided if I'm going to make responding to my feedback compulsory--I think I'll wait to see how the process plays out before doing that.

Anyone who'd like help in creating a blog, please e-mail me.

Tuesday, November 15, 2011

Literature Responses Part VII: Uncovering Nuances of the Toulmin Method and of the Debater Role

It seems the more I co-teach and collaborate with Carol the more I'm impelled to be reflexive about what we're been working on in her classes as regards the Debater Role of Literature Responses (or the Toulmin method of argumentation).

In helping students try to understand and find logic and clarity in planning their essays/paragraphs using the Debater Role, it struck me that all the supporting Evidence needs to be aligned with a specific portion of the Warrant, usually the adjectives contained in the warrant.
OEQ: Do you think the government should have enacted the Removal Act that displaced many Shawnees? 
Claim: I believe the U.S. government shouldn't have enacted the Removal Act
Warrant: because the Shawnees were a resourceful people who could have helped the Ohio settlers
Evidence (3):
 
1. Shawnees used all parts of an animal when they killed it  
2. Shawnees were peaceful (and proved it when they captured and then released Daniel Boone and his men unharmed and with supplies of food and weapons)
3. Shawnees knew how to survive in harsh conditions and were used to Mid-Western winters. 
In the above example Evidence #2 does not support the Shawnees being a resourceful people; if the original Warrant had been "because the Shawnees were a peaceful and resourceful people who could have helped the Ohio settlers," then #2 can be kept.  As it stands, however, a new idea needs to be proffered that directly supports the notion of the Shawnees being a resourceful people.

Another issue that's actually more of a reminder is that when creating their
Claims, students should re-state the original open-ended question as can be seen in the Claim above.  Last, Carol and I have been having quite a time in steering students away from excessive pronoun use where the original OEQ is concerned as these can really muddy comprehension for readers...or for that matter, scorers.

Wednesday, November 9, 2011

Reading for Pleasure: Podcasts for Getting Hooked on Books


Grade Five is officially off and running with the Book Talk Projects, Mrs. Testa expressed interest in having her students view my own Book Talk Podcast, so it might do everyone well to think about what's out there to read that students might want to dive into.  Ideally, I'd love to have entire classes of students doing their own podcasts about "What books are hot and what books are not!"--sort of an interesting self-perpetuating cycle of students' reading producing social memes that would prompt their peers to read.  This might be a nice option to have "on the menu" for next year.  

For the present, however, if anyone (teachers, students, parents) is having difficulty figuring out what students might want to read that is "of and in the moment" s/he can pick and choose from the podcasts here--the above screenshot is for grades K-5, the one below is for grades 6-12.

Monday, November 7, 2011

Literature Responses Part VI: The Debater Role & Satisfying the NJASK

While collaborating and co-teaching with Carol, she and I came up with an interesting twist to the Debater Role, which is really just a stripped-down version of the Toulmin method of argumentation.  As it stands, the Debater Role is the Following:
Claim: I believe _________________________
Warrant: because _________________________
Evidence (3):
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________

The small evolution of this could be:
Claim: I believe _________________________
Warrant: because _________________________
Evidence (3):
1. Text to self
2. Text to text
3. Text to world

In this way, evidence is still being proffered by the student, but s/he is also making those important connections that the scorers at the state are looking for when they're reviewing students' responses to writing prompts.

Thursday, November 3, 2011

The Writing Process: I.M. Revision Handout

After doing Author's Chair with students for many years, there's little doubt as to its effectiveness; several other ways, however, are just as effective, if only in a different way.  Whereas Author's Chair involves the whole class giving feedback to a single author, the I.M. Revision Conversation allows for students to pair up and engage in a meaningful and authentic conversation using the previously disseminated Revision Questions.  It's important that students remember to append their initials to every line of the conversation that they write so that the author, when getting his/her I.M. Revision Conversation sheet returned at the end of the activity, that it becomes evident which parts belong to revisor, and which to author.

Reading Strategies III: Using The New York Times Blog to Model and Teach Non-Fiction/Current Events

Previously, I had posted about using The New York Times Blog, but after thoroughly exploring it, I can really recommend it to anyone teaching current events and wishing to teach genres like autobiography, biography, journalism, op/ed pieces, or just getting to know the ins and outs of non-fiction.  According to recent studies, many students have trouble with non-fiction as many schools can't afford a school-wide (or often even a class-wide) newspaper subscription or choose to focus their budget funds on fiction texts.  The NYT Blog is a great way to circumvent this by incorporating your SmartBoards and the blog itself... 

If you look on the right hand pane in the image below, you'll see there are actual lesson plans for your use, quick quizzes for students and places for them to share their ideas, pretty of-and-in-the-moment ideas for essays, and even actual lesson plans for some of the most frequently taught Shakespeare plays.

 

Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Literature Responses Part V: Intersections with Guided Reading

It isn't that what I'm presenting to you as a very encapsulated version of Guided Reading is repetitive--(stop me if you've heard this one before as the saying goes)--so much that in the realm of Literacy and Instruction, all roads lead to “research-based, best practice methods.”  And it just so happens that there's a very fortuitous and pragmatic overlap between Literature Responses and Guided Reading.

The basic instructional outline of Guided Reading:
1. A Guided Reading group is a small group of students who are roughly at the same reading level. 
2. A book is selected that students have not seen before and is at the instructional (not independent) level of reading; that is, a text students can read with 90-94% accuracy. 
3. All students silently read the book to themselves. 
4. The teacher conducts a teacher-led mini lesson for focused exploration:
·        Story Elements
·        Vocabulary*
·        Sequencing
·        Character Development*
·        Predicting*
·        Fluency
·        Decoding Strategies
·        Making Connections* (personal, to another text, to the world)
·        Inferring*
·        Summarizing
·        Analyzing*
·        Critiquing*
·        Skimming and Scanning
·        Retelling*
·        Word Meanings

5. Students respond in reflective discussion as a group.

*Contained in Mr./Ms. Lexicon, Role Model, At First Glance, Face-to-Face, Predictor, 5/15/30, Connector, Reader's Theater roles of Literature Responses
*Contained in the Questions Types workshop students need to become a Discussion Director in Literature Responses

In the Fountas and Pinnel/Four Blocks method, there are four concepts students work in when responding to the text:
·        Predicting
·        Questioning
·        Clarifying
·        Summarizing      

This is where Literature Responses come into play.  If you look at the roles within Literature Responses, especially the first four (
discussion director, connector, quoter, and predictor), they bear a striking similarity to what is asked of students during and after a reading session in Guided Reading.


One of my main goals when modifying Literature Circles was to build in “research-based, best practice methods” that lend some meaning to what students are reading in a way that is immediate, authentic, and fun.  I would suggest to those teachers who prefer using the Fountas and Pinnel/Four Blocks method of Guided Reading to delete “summarizing” from the four roles as this is something teachers should be doing with students as a comprehension check during reading (every few pages depending on the grade and ability level).  Additionally—again, stop me if you've heard this one before—whatever summaries students come up with should be written down in their Writer’s Notebooks in the section set aside for Guided Reading.









(The links I'm including here are the same ones used in a workshop which Clelia conducted; just know that some of the links presented on those sites are broken, outdated, or not useful to someone who's not a primary grade teacher.  If you need assistance or supporting materials, please e-mail me.)